• Provides interfaces to several classes (Serial, Wire, SPI, smplbuf) using polymorphism with the CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern) method.
  • In CRTP, derived classes are defined as template class Derived : public stream<Derived>;, allowing the base class to also refer to methods of the derived class.
• This class defines common processing such as the print method and the << operator, and calls methods like write() implemented in derived classes, achieving an implementation similar to using virtual functions.

Interface (Implemented in Derived Classes)

Derived classes implement the following functions.

available()

int available()

// example
while(Serial.available()) {
  int c = Serial.read();
  // ... any
}

Returns 1 if input exists, 0 if not.

flush()

void flush()

// example
Serial.println("long long word .... ");
Serial.flush();

Flushes the output (waits until output is complete).

read()

int read()

// example
int c;
while (-1 != (c = read())) {
    // any
}

Reads one byte of data from the stream. Returns -1 if no data is available.

write()

size_t write(int c)

// example
Serial.write(0x30);

Outputs one byte to the stream.

vOutput()

static void vOutput(char out, void* vp)

A static function that outputs one byte. Since it is not a class method, member variables cannot be used. Instead, a pointer to the class instance is passed as the parameter vp.

This static function is used internally and passed as a function pointer for one-byte output to fctprintf(). It is used to implement methods like print.

Interface

putchar()

void mwx::stream::putchar(char c)

// example
Serial.putchar('A');
// result -> A

Outputs one byte.

print(), println()

size_t print(T val, int base = DEC) // T: integer type
size_t print(double val, int place = 2)
size_t print(const char*str)
size_t print(std::initializer_list<int>)

// example
Serial.print("the value is ");
Serial.print(123, DEC);
Serial.println(".");
// result -> the value is 123.

Serial.print(123.456, 1);
// result -> 123.5

Serial.print({ 0x12, 0x34, 0xab, 0xcd });
// will output 4byte of 0x12 0x34 0xab 0xcd in binary.

Performs various formatted outputs.

printfmt()

size_t printfmt(const char* format, ...);

// example
Serial.printfmt("the value is %d.", 123);
// result -> the value is 123.

Outputs formatted output in printf style.

See TWESDK/TWENET/current/src/printf/README.md

operator <<

// examples
Serial << "this value is" // const char*
       << int(123)
       << '.';
       << mwx::crlf;
// result -> this value is 123.

Serial << fromat("this value is %d.", 123) << twe::crlf;
// result -> this value is 123.

Serial << mwx::flush; // flush here

Serial << bigendian(0x1234abcd);
// will output 4byte of 0x12 0x34 0xab 0xcd in binary.

Serial << int(0x30) // output 0x30=48, "48"
       << '/'
       << uint8_t(0x31); // output '1', not "48"
// result -> 48/1

smplbuf<char,16> buf = { 0x12, 0x34, 0xab, 0xcd };
Serail << but.to_stream();
// will output 4byte of 0x12 0x34 0xab 0xcd in binary.

Seiral << make_pair(buf.begin(), buf.end());
// will output 4byte of 0x12 0x34 0xab 0xcd in binary.

Serial << bytelist({ 0x12, 0x34, 0xab, 0xcd });
// will output 4byte of 0x12 0x34 0xab 0xcd in binary.

set_timeout(), get_error_status(), clear_error_status()

uint8_t get_error_status()
void clear_error_status()
void set_timeout(uint8_t centisec)

// example
Serial.set_timeout(100); // Set timeout to 1000ms
uint8_t c;
Serial >> c;

Manages input timeout and errors using the >> operator.

Specify the timeout duration with set_timeout(), and perform input with the >> operator. If input is not obtained within the specified time, error value can be read with get_error_status(). Clear error status with clear_error_status().

Error Values

operator >>

inline D& operator >> (uint8_t& v)
inline D& operator >> (char_t& v)
template <int S> inline D& operator >> (uint8_t(&v)[S])
inline D& operator >> (uint16_t& v)
inline D& operator >> (uint32_t& v)
inline D& operator >> (mwx::null_stream&& p)

//// Example
uint8_t c;

the_twelite.stop_watchdog(); // Stop the watchdog
Serial.set_timeout(0xFF); // No timeout

// Read one byte
Serial >> c;
Serial << crlf << "char #1: [" << c << ']';

// Discard bytes
Serial >> null_stream(3); // Discard 3 bytes
Serial << crlf << "char #2-4: skipped";

// Read 4 bytes (fixed-length array of uint8_t only)
uint8_t buff[4];
Serial >> buff;
Serial << crlf << "char #5-8: [" << buff << "]";

Performs input.

void loop() {
  uint8_t c;
  while(Serial.available()) {
    Serial >> c;
    // or c = Serial.read();

    switch(c) { ... }  // Branch processing based on c value
  }
}

Below are the types that can be read and stored.